Od spremljevalk taborov do voditeljic: zgodovinski razvoj vloge žensk v oboroženih silah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.65.3.13Ključne besede:
oborožene sile, ženske v oboroženih silah, vojaška zgodovina, resolucija Varnostnega sveta Združenih narodov 1325, delavska zgodovinaPovzetek
Članek predstavlja zgodovinski razvoj vloge žensk v oboroženih silah, ki so v tisočletjih človeškega obstoja v oboroženih silah opravljale različne naloge. Sprva so se priključevale oziroma so bile priključene vojskam na pohodu, kjer so spremljale vojake in predvsem izvajale podporne naloge. V starem in srednjem veku se je vloga žensk bolj malo spremenila, kljub temu pa so se občasno pojavile ženske vojaške voditeljice. Šele v novem veku se je vloga žensk pričela spreminjati: sprva so pridobile formalno vlogo v vojaško-zdravstvenem sistemu, nato pa so začele prevzemati tudi bojno-podporne vloge. Med prvo in drugo svetovno vojno so ženske postale pomemben člen vojaške industrije in organizacije, vključno z neposrednim sodelovanjem v spopadih in oblikovanjem popolnoma ženskih bojnih enot. A šele po drugi svetovni vojni so pričele prevzemati tudi vodstvene funkcije v oboroženih silah.
Literatura
Ailes, Mary Elizabeth. “Camp Followers, Sutlers, and Soldiers’ Wives: Women in Early Modern Armies (c. 1450–1650).” In A Companion to Women’s Military History, edited by Barton C. Hacker and Margaret Vining, 61–71. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2012.
Alfonso, Kristal L. M. Femme Fatale: An Examination of the Role of Women in Combat and the Policy Implications for Future American Military Operations. Maxwell AFB: Air University Press, 2009.
Allison, Penelope M. “Mapping for Gender: Interpreting Artefact Distribution inside 1st- and 2nd-Century A.D. Forts in Roman Germany.” Archaeological Dialogues 13, no. 1 (2006): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.10.17/S1380203806211851.
Anderson, Morgan K., et al. “Effect of Mandatory Unit and Individual Physical Training on Fitness in Military Men and Women.” American Journal of Health Promotion 30, no. 2 (2016): 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116666977.
Baldwin, J. Norman. “Female Promotions in Male-Dominant Organizations: The Case of the United States Military.” Journal of Politics 58, no. 4 (1996): 1184–1197.
Bastick, Megan, and Claire Duncanson. “Agents of Change? Gender Advisors in NATO Militaries.” International Peacekeeping 25, no. 3 (2018): 345–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2018.1492876.
Baumann, Julia, Charlotte Williamson, and Dominic Murphy. “Exploring the Impact of Gender-Specific Challenges during and after Military Service on Female UK Veterans.” Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health 8, no. 2 (2022): 72–81. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0065.
Belfiglio, Valentine J. “Women and the Ancient Roman Army.” Journal of Clinical Research and Case Studies 1, no. 1 (2023): 2–5.
Bergman, Beveryl P., and Simon A. St J. Miller. “Equal Opportunities, Equal Risks? Overuse Injuries in Female Military Recruits.” Journal of Public Health Medicine 23, no. 1 (2001): 35–39.
Bernik, Valerija. “Veteranke druge svetovne vojne.” Sodobni vojaški izzivi 19, no. 2 (2017): 71–87. https://doi.org/10.33179/BSV.99.SVI.11.CMC.19.2.5.
Bernik, Valerija. “Ženske v slovenski partizanski vojski (1941–1945).” In Seksizem v vojaški uniformi, edited by Ljubica Jelušič and Mojca Pešec, 106–126. Ljubljana: Obramboslovni raziskovalni center, Generalštab Slovenske vojske, 2002.
Bolzenius, Sandra. “Asserting Citizenship: Black Women in the Women’s Army Corps (WAC).” International Journal of Military History and Historiography 39 (2019): 208–231.
Booth, Bradford, and David R. Segal. “Bringing the Soldiers Back In: Implications of Inclusion of Military Personnel Market Research on Race, Class, and Gender.” Race, Gender & Class 12, no. 1 (2005): 34–57.
Booth, Bradford, William W. Falk, David R. Segal, and Mady Wechsler Segal. “The Impact of Military Presence in Local Labor Markets on the Employment of Women.” Gender & Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 318–332.
Brown, Melissa T. “‘A Woman in the Army Is Still a Woman’: Representations of Women in US Military Recruiting Advertisements for the All-Volunteer Force.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 33, no. 2 (2012): 151–175.
Brunet, Stephan. “Women with swords: Female gladiators in the Roman world.” In: Paul Cristesen and Donald G. Kyle, eds., A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2016), 478–491.
Bruscino, Thomas A. “Palm Sunday Ambush, 20 March 2005.” In In Contact! Case Studies from the Long War: Volume I, edited by William G. Robertson, 59–82. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2003.
Caragea, Marius-Emanuel. “Modern Challenges to Military Management: UN Security Council Resolution 1325 ‘Women, Peace and Security.’” Management & Marketing 21, no. 2 (2023): 312–327.
Caroll, Luke. “Raising a Female-Centric Infantry Battalion: Do We Have the Nerve?” Australian Army Journal 11, no. 1 (2014): 40–55.
Chandler, Joan, Lyn Bryant, and Tracey Bunyard. “Women in Military Occupations.” Work, Employment & Society 9, no. 1 (1995): 123–135.
Connell, Cati. A Few Good Gays: The Gendered Compromises behind Military Inclusion. Oakland: University of California Press, 2023.
Crang, Jeremy A. Sisters in Arms: Women in the British Armed Forces during the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
de Groot, Gerard J. “Combatants or Non-Combatants? Women in Mixed Anti-Aircraft Batteries during the Second World War.” RUSI Journal 140, no. 6 (1995): 65–70.
Dittmar, Sharon S., et al. “Images and Sensations of War: A Common History of Military Nursing.” Health Care for Women International 17, no. 1 (1996): 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339609516221.
Fieseler, Beate; M. Michaela Hampf; and Jutta Schwarzkopf. “Gendering Combat: Military Women’s Status in Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union during the Second World War.” Women’s Studies International Forum 47 (2014): 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.06.011.
Friðriksdóttir, Jóhanna Katrín. Valkyrie: The Women of the Viking World. London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.
Fry, Helen. Women in Intelligence: The Hidden History of Two World Wars. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023.
Gersdorff, Ursula von. Frauen im Kriegsdienst, 1914–1945. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1969.
Golubović, Vidoje D. Dobrovoljka Milunka Savić: Srpska heroina. Beograd: Udruženje ratnih dobrovoljaca 1912-1918, njihovih potomaka i poštovalaca, 2013.
Hacker, Barton C. “Reformers, Nurses, and Ladies in Uniform: The Changing Status of Military Women (c. 1815–c. 1914).” In A Companion to Women’s Military History, edited by Barton C. Hacker and Margaret Vining, 137–141. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2012.
Hadley, Dawn M., et al. “The Winter Camp of the Viking Great Army, AD 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire.” The Antiquaries Journal 96 (2016): 23–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581516000718.
Head, Naomi. “‘Women Helping Women’: Deploying Gender in US Counterinsurgency Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.” Security Dialogue 55, no. 2 (2024): 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/09670106231203839.
Hess, Donabelle C. “Military Family Readiness: The Importance of Building Familial Resilience and Increasing Family Well-Being through Military Community Support and Services.” Sodobni vojaški izzivi 22, no. 2 (2020): 89–99. https://doi.org/10.33179/BSV.99.SVI.11.CMC.22.2.5.
Ikuhiko, Hata. Comfort Women and Sex in the Battle Zone. Lanham, Boulder, New York, and London: Hamilton Books, 2018.
Jelušič, Ljubica, Julija Jelušič Južnič, and Jelena Juvan. “The Relevance of Military Families for Military Organizations and Military Sociology.” Sodobni vojaški izzivi 22, no. 2 (2020): 51–67. https://doi.org/10.33179/BSV.99.SVI.11.CMC.22.2.3.
Juvan, Jelena. “Usklajevanje delovnih in družinskih obveznosti v vojaški organizaciji.” Socialno delo 48, no. 4 (2009): 227–234.
Karazi-Presler, Tair, Orna Sasson-Levy, and Edna Lomsky-Feder. “Gender, Emotions Management, and Power in Organizations: The Case of Israeli Women Junior Military Officers.” Sex Roles 78, no. 7–8 (2018): 573–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0810-7.
Kasearu, Kairi, et al. “Military Families in Estonia, Slovenia and Sweden: Similarities and Differences.” Sodobni vojaški izzivi 22, no. 2 (2020): 69–87. https://doi.org/10.33179/BSV.99.SVI.11.CMC.22.2.4.
Kolbeck, Ben. “A Foot in Both Camps: The Civilian Suppliers of the Army in Roman Britain.” Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal 1, no. 1 (2018): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.16995/traj.355.
Krylova, Anna. Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Kusmiyati, Nani, and Hady Efendy. “The Leadership of Women in Military on Military Organization.” International Journal of Human Resource Studies 7, no. 4 (2017): 165–174.
Landsend Monsen, Ingunn Helene. Female integration in Jordan’s Special Forces – an empirical analysis of the project’s content and value for Norway and Jordan. Oslo: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 2025.
Lee, Janet. “Sisterhood at the Front: Friendship, Comradeship, and the Feminine Appropriation of Military Heroism among World War I First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY).” Women’s Studies International Forum 31, no. 1 (2008): 16–29.
Leonheart, Jamie. “Gender Perspectives for Operational Effectiveness: An Opportunity for U.S. Forces Japan and the Japan Self Defense Forces.” NIDS Commentary, no. 333 (2024).
Markwick, Roger D., and Euridice Charon Cardona. Soviet Women on the Frontline in the Second World War. Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Martsenyuk, Tamara. “Women’s Participation in Defending Ukraine in Russia’s War.” Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal 8 (2022): 43–59.
Morden, Bettie J. The Women’s Army Corps, 1945–1978. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1990.
Nowaki, Rochelle. “Nachthexen: Soviet Female Pilots in WWII.” Hohonu 13 (2015): 56–62.
Pryor, John B. “The Psychological Impact of Sexual Harassment on Women in the U.S. Military.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 17, no. 4 (1995): 581–603. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_9.
Raffield, Ben, Neil Price, and Mark Collard. “Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 13 (2017): 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355.
Roche, Rosellen, et al. “The Unseen Patriot: Female Cultural Support Team Members and Combat Definition.” Journal of Veterans Studies 7, no. 1 (2021): 271–279. https://doi.org/10.21061/jvs.v7i1.285.
Skylitzes, John. A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Sorokina, T. S. “Russian Nursing in the Crimean War.” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 29, no. 1 (1995): 57–63.
Strobl, Ingrid. Partisanas: Women in the Armed Resistance to Fascism and German Occupation (1936–1945). Edinburgh and Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2008.
Tkavc, Suzana. “Some of the Best Practices in Gender Perspective and the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the 25 Years of Slovenian Armed Forces.” Sodobni vojaški izzivi 18, no. 3 (2016): 45–63. https://doi.org/10.33179/BSV.99.SVI.11.CMC.18.3.5.
Tunc, Ugurgul. “Lessons from the Crimean War: How Hospitals Were Transformed by Florence Nightingale and Others.” Infectious Diseases & Clinical Microbiology 1, no. 2 (2019): 110–118. https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2019.19020.
Valetina Dean, “Kurdish Female Fighters: The Western Depiction of YPJ Combatants in Rojava,” Globalism, Nr. 1 (2019): 1-29, DOI: 10.12893/gjcpi.2019.1.7.
Vining, Margaret, and Barton C. Hacker. “From Camp Follower to Lady in Uniform: Women, Social Class and Military Institutions before 1920.” Contemporary European History 10, no. 3 (2001): 353–373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777301003022.
Vuk, Pavel, and Saša Galičič. “Socialna diverziteta v luči inkluzivnosti istospolno usmerjenih pripadnic in pripadnikov v slovenski vojski.” Teorija in praksa 59, no. 2 (2022): 568–588.
Vuk, Pavel. “The Slovenian Armed Forces Faces the Challenge of Inclusion of Their Homosexual Members.” Journal of Homosexuality 71, no. 5 (2024): 1231–1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2023.2169088.
Webster, Graham. Boudica: The British Revolt against Rome AD 60. London: B. T. Batsford, 1993.
Wintjes, Jorit. “’Keep the Women Out of the Camp!’ Women and Military Institutions in the Classical World.” In A Companion to Women’s Military History, edited by Barton C. Hacker and Margaret Vining, 21–30. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2012.
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Številka
Rubrika
Licenca
Avtorske pravice (c) 2025 Klemen Kocjančič
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji prispevkov, objavljenih v tej reviji, soglašajo z naslednjimi pogoji glede avtorskih pravic:
- Avtorji ohranijo avtorske pravice, reviji pa odobrijo pravico do prve objave. Delo se hkrati zaščiti z licenco za prosto uporabo avtorskih del (Creative Commons Attribution License), ki drugim osebam omogoča deljenje dela ob priznanju avtorstva in prve objave v tej reviji.
- Avtorji lahko sklenejo ločene dodatne pogodbene dogovore za neizključno distribucijo različice dela, objavljene v reviji, (npr. oddaja v institucionalni repozitorij ali objava v knjigi) z navedbo, da je bilo delo prvič objavljeno v tej reviji.
- Pred postopkom pošiljanja in med njim lahko avtorji delo objavijo v spletu (npr. v institucionalnih repozitorijih ali na svoji spletnih strani), k čemer jih tudi spodbujamo, saj lahko to prispeva k plodnim izmenjavam ter hitrejšemu in obsežnejšemu navajanju objavljenega dela (glej The Effect of Open Access).
