Barbed Wire and the River Kolpa: Intersections of History and Modernity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.3.05Keywords:
Slovenian southern border, migration, border technologies, mixed police patrols, pushbacks, EU policiesAbstract
This article presents empirical fragments that point to ways in which a more comprehensive set of sources can illuminate the range of interactions that materialize borders, beyond their strictly administrative or theoretical understanding. The article specifically examines transformations of the Slovenian southern border from 2015 to the present, focusing on its properties and functions in relation to irregular migration. The analysis takes into account not only the physical border, including fences, barbed wire and other border technologies, but also considers the role of state apparatus through its established institutes of bordering, such as mixed patrols, through its administrative-legal aspects, such as bilateral agreements, and through the forced returns and consequential deaths at the border. The anatomy of the border is in this part analyzed as a historical and political tool of the EU project, by juxtaposing official institutional discourse on one side, and the discourses of migrants, freedom of movement initiatives and border forensics on the other. This approach illuminates the complexity of contemporary transformations of Slovenia's southern border in the context of migration, elaborating the junction points between different political languages coming from »above« and »below« at the time of the analyzed period of time. By integrating perspectives "from below", this article calls for consideration of a broader methodological apparatus and perspectives which could bring new insights for border historiography.
References
Akkerman, Mark. Border Wars. The Arms Dealers Profiting from Europe's Refugee Tragedy. Transnational Institute, 2016.
Amin, Samir. Sodobni imperijalizem Spisi o kapitalizmu, imperializmu in revoluciji. Založba cf, 2020
Anderson, Malcolm. »The Transformation of Border Controls: A European Precedent?« V: Peter Andreas in Snyder, Timothy, (ur.) The Wall around the West: State Borders and immigration controls in North America and Europe. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, (2000): 22.
Bajt, Veronika. The Schengen Border and the Criminalization of Migration in Slovenia. Südosteuropa 67. (2019): 304-327.
Blanc, Emmanuelle. “The EU in Motion through Emotions: Fear and Migration Policy in the Euro-Mediterranean Context.” Mediterranean Politics, Oktober, (2023):1–26.
Bovensiepen, Judith & Pelkmans, Mathijs. »Dynamics of wilful blindness: An introduction.« Critique of Anthropology, 40(4), (2020:387–402.
Božič, Kristina. »Militarizacija mej in ilegalizacija ljudi.«, Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo 44, št. 264 (2016): 239.
Busch, Brigitta in Michal Krzyzanowski. »Inside/Outside the European Union: Enlargement, Migration Policy and the Search for Europe's Identity.« V: Geopolitics of European Union Enlargmenet: the Fortress Empire, ur. Warwick Armstrong in James Anderson, New York: Routledge (2007): 107–124.
Castan Pinos, Jaume. »Building Fortress Europe? Schengen and the Cases of Ceuta and Melilla.« International Studies and Philosophy, Queen’s University Belfast. (2009). Dostopno na: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251750668_Building_Fortress_Europe_Schengen_and_the_Cases_of_Ceuta_and_Melilla
Chossudovsky, Michel. The Globalization of Poverty and The New World Order. Global research publishers, 2003.
Čebron Lipovec, Uršula in Sara Pistotnik. »O nastajanju številk.« Časopis za kritiko znanosti domišljijo in novo antropologijo 44, št. 264 (2016). Dostopno na: https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-P9MI2V2T/41719096-e9f4-408d-8cc7-a8365a0bfb21/PDF
Čepič, Zdenko. »Oris nastajanja slovensko-hrvaške meje po drugi svetovni vojni.« Mikužev zbornik, (1999): 201–216.
Deeb, Bashar, et. al. »Unmasking Europe’s Shadow Armies.« Lighthouse reports, 6. Oktober (2021).
den Heijer, Maarten. »Visas and Non-discrimination.« European Journal of Migration and Law 20, 4 (2018): 470-489.
Drolc, Aleš, Bogomir Kovač, in Silva Mežnarić. Migracije, globalizacija, Evropska unija. Ljubljana: Mirovni inštitut, Inštitut za sodobne družbene in politične študije, (2003): 6.
El-Shaarawi, Nadia in Maple Razsa. »Movements upon Movements: Refugee and Activist Struggles to Open the Balkan Route to Europe.« History and Anthropology 30/1 (2019): 91–112.
FitzGerald, David Scott. Refuge Beyond Reach: How Rich Democracies Repel Asylum Seekers, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Gombač, Jure. »Ogromno delo, uspešno, vzorno! Upravljanje« mej v Sloveniji v času povečanega prihoda migrantov 2015/2016.« Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo 44, št.264 (2016): 74.
Gomilšek, Iva. Problematika dokazovanja kaznivih dejanj povezanih z varovanjem državne meje. Diplomsko delo (2010):17. Dostopno na: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?lang=slv&id=17732
Gülzau, Fabian. »A ‘New Normal’ for the Schengen Area. When, Where and Why Member States Reintroduce Temporary Border Controls?« Journal of Borderlands Studies 38, št. 5, (2021): 785–803.
Hakimova, Aigul, Cvijić, Valter, Čičić, Petra, Pistotnik, Sara, Lipovec Čebron, Uršula, Kozinc, Nina. »Ta prostor je postal naš, skupen prostor. To je zame cilj Fronte.« Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo 44. št. 264, (2016): 99–118.
Hameršak Marijana in Iva Pleše. »Confined in Movement. The Croatian Section of the Balkan Refugee Corridor«, Formation and Disintegration of the Balkan Refugee Corridor: Camps Routes and Borders in the Croatian Context. Eds. Emina Bužinkić in Marijana Hameršak. Institut za etnološke in folkloristične raziskave Zagreb, Center za mirovne študije Zagreb, Fakulteta za politično znanost Univerze v Zagrebu - Center za etničnost, državljanstvo in migracije, bordermonitoring.eu – Munich, 2017.
Hassan, Ali in Linn Biorklund. »The journey to dreamland never ends. A refugee's journey from Somalia to Sweden«. Refugee Survey Quarterly 35/2, (2016): 116–136.
Hess, Sabine in Vassilis Tsianos. »Europeanizing Transnationalism! Provincializing Europe! - Konturen Eines Neuen Grenzigregimes«. V: Turbulente Rander: Neue Perspektiven auf Migration an der Grenzen Europas, Transit Migration Forschungsgruppe (ur.), Bielefeld: transkript Verlag. (2007): 23–28. Dostopno na: http://www.academia.edu/download/46169921/transit_Buch_light.pdf#page=12
Infokolpa, Poročilo o nezakonitih kolektivnih izgonov na slovensko-hrvaški meji. Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo št. 278. (2020): 81–113. https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-61KFGRE4/b26908db-53c7-4934-b51f-621cf10ea866/PDF
Jones, Chris, Romain Lannelau, Yasha Maccanico et. al. Access denied: Secrecy and the externalisation of EU migration control, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union, December (2022), Dostopno na: http://www.statewatch.org/media/3781/secrecy-and-externalisation-of-migration-control.pdf
Kogovšek Šalamon, Neža. »'Humanitarni' koridor: Stanje izjeme v času globalnih migracij.« Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo 44, št. 264. (2016): 61-71.
Korsakovas, Justas. Emic Understandings of the 2015 Balkan Rute in Slovenia, magistrska teza, European Regional Masters Programme, ERMA, Global Campus South East Europe, (2020):311.
Kovras, Iosif in Simon Robins. »Death as the border: Managing missing migrants and unidentified bodies at the EU's Mediterranean frontier.« Political Geography 55, (2016): 40-49.
Ladić Maja in Katarina Vučko. »Slovenia's Response to Increased Arrivala of Refugees: We Don't Want Them, But We Also Don't Understand Why They Don't Want To Stay.« V: Ladić, Maja, Katarina Vučko, Marc-Antoine Frébutte, Neža Kogovšek Šalamon, Veronika Bajt, Mojca Pajnik, Vlasta Jalušič, in Lana Zdravković. Razor-wired: reflections on migration movements through Slovenia in 2015. Ljubljana: Peace Institute, (2016): 15.
Lunaček Brumen, Sarah in Ela Meh. »'Vzpon in padec' koridorja.« Časopis za kritiko znanosti domišljijo in novo antropologijo 44, št. 264, (2016): 29.
Mau, Steffan, Fabian Gulzau, Lene Laube and Natascha Zaun. »The global mobility divide: How visa policies have evolved over time.« Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41/8, (2015): 1192–1213. Dostopno na: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84503/1/Mobility%20Divide_Mau_Guelzau_Laube_Zaun_finalpdf.pdf
Meh, Ela. »Evropska migracijska politika.« Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo 44, št. 264 (2016): 273–274.
Mozetič, Polona. »Multipliciranje meje: meja, ki izginja in nadzor, ki se povečuje.« Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo, 238 (2009): 119.
Navari, Cornelia, Blog team. »How the Badinter Commission on Yugoslavia laid the roots for Crimea’s secession from Ukraine« Februar 20, 2015. EU Foreign Affairs and Politics sections, LSE.
Panić Ana in Simona Ognjanović (ur.) Devedesete: Rečnik migracija, The Nineties: A Glossary of Migrations, Beograd: Muzej Jugoslavije (2019): 22.
Pajnik, Mojca, Petra Lesjak-Tušek, Marta Gregorčič. Prebežniki, kdo ste? Inštitut za sodobne družbene in politične študije (Mirovni Inštitut), (2001): 24. Dostopno na: https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-X5OV0T5D/28505c74-c05c-4657-ba2e-1cbb21456a22/PDF
Penev, Goran. »Migracije, krize i ratni sukobi na Balkanu s kraja 20. Veka.« V: III DémoBalk 32. Društvo demografa Srbije (2011): 292.
Pomerance, Michla. »The Badinter Commission: The Use and Misuse of the International Court of Justice' s Jurisprudence.« Michigan Journal of International Law 20, (1998): 31.
Ponzanesi Sandra. »Migration and Mobility in a Digital Age: (Re)Mapping Connectivity and Belonging.« Television & New Media, 20/6, (2019): 547–557.
Radan, Peter. »Post-Secession International Borders: A Critical Analysis of the Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Commission«, Melbourne University Law Review 50, 3; 24/1, 2000.
Razac, Oliver. Politična zgodovina bodeče žice, Maska, Ljubljana, 2016: https://maska.si/knjiga/oliver-razac-politicna-zgodovina-bodece-zic/
Sinan, Desmond. Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration, 3ed. 2005. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, 2005.
Snyder, Timothy. »Conclusion: The Wall around the West« V: Peter Andreas in Timothy Snyder (ur.) The Wall around the West: State Borders and immigration controls in North America and Europe. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield (2000): 223.
Starc, Tit. »Svoboda gibanja na balkanski migrantski poti v času pandemije covida-19: fokus: Slovenija«, Borec: revija za zgodovino, literaturo in antropologijo. št. 790/792, (2021): 162–181
Tamše, Danijela. »O prečkanju meja«. Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo, št. 278, (2020): 7
Tamše Danijela. »Uvodnik.« Mejni režimi, Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo. Ljubljana, 2020.
Vaughan-Williams, Nick. »Biopolitical Borders.« V: Europe’s Border Crisis: Biopolitical Security and Beyond, Oxford, 2015; spletna edicija, Oxford Academic, 19 november, 2015.
Zajc, Marko. Administrative Legacy and the River Mura Border Dispute between Slovenia and Croatia. Südosteuropa 67 št.3 (2019): 369–392
Zajc, Marko. Meja, mejnost, zamejenost. Zgodovinsko društvo Ljubljana, 2013. Dostopno na: https://www.sistory.si/11686/15584
Zajc, Marko. The Border Monster Refuses to Die. Südosteuropa. Journal of Politics and Society 66, št.1 (2018): 119–130.
Zavratnik Zimic, Simona. »Etika skrbi v migracijskih politikah, Trg dela vs. trg človekovih pravic.« Teorija in praksa 40/6 (2003): 1148.
Zavratnik Zimic, Simona. »Perspektiva konstruiranja schengenske 'e-meje': Slovenija.« V: Milohnić, Aldo (ur.): Evropski vratarji. Migracijske politike v vzhodni Evropi, Ljubljana: Mirovni inštitut, (2001): 76.
Zorn, Jelka. »Ritualizacija in normalizacija policijskega nasilja nad prebežniki.« Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropologijo št. 213/214 (2003): 125.
Zorn, Jelka in Uršula Lipovec Čebron. »Evropski mejni režim: tihotapljenje ljudi in paradoks kriminalizacije solidarnosti.« Dve domovini, št. 53 (2021): 81–98. Dostopno na: https://ojs.zrc-sazu.si/twohomelands/article/view/9532/8784
Žagar, Ž. Igor, Marjeta Doupona Horvat, Jef Verschueren. The rhetoric of refugee policies in Slovenia. Mirovni inštitut, Inštitut za sodobne družbene in politične študije, 2001.
Žagar, Jošt. »Kolektivni izgoni na slovensko-hrvaški meji:od MNZ do policijskh postaj.« Ogledalo, Časopis projekta UDESIN, št. 2, Univerzitetna ustanova ing. Lenarčič Milana, Verd II, Vrhnika (2022):17.
Walters, William. »Mapping Schengenland: Denaturalizing the Border. Environment and Planning D.« Society and Space 20/5, (2002): 561–580.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Saša Hajzler
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
