Nasilje nad ženskami v politiki na družbenem omrežju X: nov način izražanja starih oblik nasilja?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.3.12Ključne besede:
nasilje nad ženskami v politiki, družbena omrežja, omrežje X, ženske v politiki, političarkePovzetek
V pričujočem prispevku se osredinjamo na analizo novodobne oblike nasilja nad ženskami v politiki na družbenih omrežjih. Slednja so, namesto da bi družbo in javni prostor demokratizirala, postala prostor, kjer prihaja do (re)produkcije novih oblik izkazovanja nasilja nad ženskami, kamor uvrščamo sovražni govor, mizoginijo, agresijo in seksizem. Tovrstna dejanja so, ugotavljamo, usmerjena proti ženskam v politiki (s čimer ne mislimo nujno samo na političarke, čeprav se v pričujoči študiji osredinjamo le nanje), njihov namen pa je ženske odvrniti od aktivnega političnega delovanja, jim zagreniti, otežiti ali jih odvrniti od sodelovanja v moško osrediščenem polju politike in jih posledično iz javnosti potistniti nazaj v polje zasebnosti.
S pomočjo kritičnih študij diskruza in analize družbenih omrežij analiziramo diskruz na družbenem omrežju X v času predvolilne kampanje za državnozborske volitve spomladi 2022. V analizi skoraj 300 ročno zbranih X objav in komentarjev pokažemo, da je bil diskurz na družbenem omrežju X v času pred volitvami seksističen, nasilen in mizogin ter usmerjen predvsem proti tistim »nevarnim« političarkam, ki se jim je obetal dober volilni rezultat oziroma so bile v predvolilni kampanji aktivne tako v javnih razpravah kot na družbenih omrežjih. V analizi ugotavljamo, da je obstajajo različni načini izražanja nasilja na družbenem omrežju X, njegov glavni namen pa je preprečevanje aktivne politične udeležbe žensk in odvračanje žensk od delovanja v politiki.
Literatura
Andrew Heywood, Political ideologies: An introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021.
Ballington, Julie, "Turning the Tide on Violence against Women in Politics: How Are We Measuring Up?," Politics & Gender 14, no. 4 (2018): 695-701.
Bojan Evkoski, Igor Mozetic, Nikola Ljubešic in Petra Kralj Novak, "A Slovenian retweet network 2018-2020," Information Society (2020).
Bojan Evkoski, Igor Mozetič, Nikola Ljubešić, in Petra Kralj Novak, "Community evolution in retweet networks," Plos one 16, no. 9 (2021).
Christopher Barlett in Sarah M. Coyne.,"A meta‐analysis of sex differences in cyber‐bullying behavior: The moderating role of age," Aggressive behavior 40, no. 5 (2014): 474-488.
Colin Hay, "Political discourse analysis: The dangers of methodological absolutism," Political Studies Review 11, no. 3 (2013): 321-327.
David P. Farrington, "Cross-national comparative research on criminal careers, risk factors, crime and punishment," European Journal of Criminology 12, no. 4 (2015): 386-399.
Dawn M. Szymanski, Lauren B. Moffitt, and Erika R. Carr. "Sexual objectification of women: Advances to theory and research 1ψ7." The counseling psychologist 39, no. 1 (2011): 6-38.
Dubravka Šimonović, "Violence against Women in Politics. Expert Group Meeting Report & Recommendations, " 8-9 March 2018. New York, 2018.
Elizabeth L. Kander Englander, "Understanding violence, " Routledge, 2017.
Etienne G. Krug, James A. Mercy, Linda L. Dahlberg, in Anthony B. Zwi, "The world report on violence and health," The lancet 360, no. 9339 (2002): 1083-1088.
Flavia Biroli, "Violence against women and reactions to gender equality in politics," Politics & Gender 14, no. 4 (2018): 681-685.
Gina Masullo Chen, Paromita Pain, Victoria Y. Chen, Madlin Mekelburg, Nina Springer, in Franziska Troger, "‘You really have to have a thick skin’: A cross-cultural perspective on how online harassment influences female journalists," Journalism 21, no. 7 (2020): 877-895.
Inter-Parliamentary Union, Issue Brief: Sexism, harassment and violence against women parliamentarians. Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2018.
Janet Carter Anand, Bagga Bjerge, in Ulrika Järkestig-Berggren, "Perspectives on violence," Nordic Social Work Research 10, no. 2 (2020): 95-99.
Jasna Podreka, "Odsotnost spolno zaznamovane perspektive v sodobnih razpravah o nasilju nad ženskami," ars & humanitas 12, no. 1 (2018): 26.
Jeff R. Hearn, "The violences of men: How men talk about and how agencies respond to men's violence to women," (1998): 1-272.
Jessica West, "Cyber-Violence Against Women. Battered Women’s Support Services," World Health Organization.(2002).
Jillian Peterson in James Densley, "Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here?," Aggression and violent behavior 34 (2017): 193-200.
Johan Galtung, "Violence, peace, and peace research," Journal of peace research 6, no. 3 (1969): 167-191.
Johanna Kantola in Judith Squires, "The new politics of equality," New directions in political science: Responding to the challenges of an interdependent world (2010): 89-108.
Juliana Restrepo Sanín, "Violence against women in politics: Latin America in an era of backlash," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, no. 2 (2020): 302-310.
Julie Ballington, ed., "Equality in Politics: A survey of Women and Men in Parliaments, " No. 54. Inter-parliamentary union, 2008.
Mai ElSherief, Elizabeth Belding, in Dana Nguyen, "#notokay: Understanding gender-based violence in social media," V: Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 52-61. 2017.
Jeroen Vaes, Maria Paola Paladino in Nick Haslam, "Seven clarifications on the psychology of dehumanization," Perspectives on Psychological Science 16, no. 1 (2021): 28-32.
Justin W. Patchin in Sameer Hinduja, "Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying," Youth violence and juvenile justice 4, no. 2 (2006): 148-169.
Kim Barker in Olga Jurasz, "Online violence against women as an obstacle to gender equality: A critical view from Europe," European Equality Law Review 2020, no. 1 (2020): 47-60.
Kristina Van Sant, Rolf Fredheim, in Gundars Bergmanis-Korats, "Abuse of power: Coordinated online harassment of Finnish government ministers," Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. Available online: https://stratcomcoe. org/pdfjs (2021).
Mona Lena Krook, "Violence against women in politics, " Springer International Publishing, 2020.
Malin Holm, "Violence against women in politics: Emerging perspectives, new challenges," European journal of politics and gender 3, no. 2 (2020): 295-297.
Martin D. SchwartZ, "The past and the future of violence against women," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20, no. 1 (2005): 7-11.
Milica Antić Gaber in Jure Skubic, "Spolno zaznamovano nasilje in mizoginija usmerjena proti ženskam v politiki na družbenih omrežjih, " V: IGNJATOVIĆ, Miroljub (ur.), KANJUO-MRČELA, Aleksandra (ur.), KUHAR, Roman (ur.). Socio-ekološka transformacija : Slovensko sociološko srečanje : Ljubljana, 4. in 5. november 2022.
Mona Lena Krook in Juliana Restrepo Sanín, "Gender and political violence in Latin America. Concepts, debates and solutions," Política y gobierno 23, no. 1 (2016): 127-162.
Mona Lena Krook, "Violence against women in politics, " Springer International Publishing, 2020.
Mona Lena Krook, "Violence against women in politics," Journal of Democracy 28, no. 1 (2017): 74-88.
Monika Kalin Golob, Aleksandra Kanjuo Mrčela, Karmen Šterk, and Jasna Mikić. "Še vedno drugi spol? Analiza poročanja o volilni kampanji pomlad 2018." Javnost-The Public 25, no. 1 (2018): S34-S51.
Nadine Strossen, Defending pornography: Free speech, sex, and the fight for women's rights. NYU Press, 2024.
Nathan A. Heflick, Jamie L. Goldenberg, Douglas P. Cooper in Elisa Puvia. "From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47, no. 3 (2011): 572-581.
NDI. "Ending Online Violence Against Women in Politics, " https://www.ndi.org/ending-online-violence-against-women-politics (2016.)
Nick Haslam, "Dehumanization: An integrative review," Personality and social psychology review 10, no. 3 (2006): 252-264.
Nick Haslam, Steve Loughnan in Elise Holland. "The psychology of humanness." V: Objectification and (de) humanization: 60th Nebraska symposium on motivation, pp. 25-51. Springer New York, 2013. Marta Nussbaum, Sex and social justice. Oxford University Press, 1999.
Nicole Etherington, Cyber misogyny. Learning Network Brief (28). London, Ontario: Learning Network, Centre for Research and Education on Violence Against Women and Children (2015).
Nigel Barber, "Objectification Is a Basic Aspect of Male Sexuality," Psychology Today. (2022).
Patricia L. Dunmire, "Political discourse analysis: Exploring the language of politics and the politics of language," Language and Linguistics Compass 6, no. 11 (2012): 735-751.
Peter Imbusch, "The concept of violence," International handbook of violence research, pp. 13-39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003.
Priya Kumar, Anatoliy Gruzd, in Philip Mai, "Mapping out violence against women of influence on Twitter using the cyber–lifestyle routine activity theory," American behavioral scientist 65, no. 5 (2021): 689-711.
Rebecca Kuperberg, "Incongruous and illegitimate: Antisemitic and Islamophobic semiotic violence against women in politics in the United Kingdom," Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 9, no. 1 (2021): 100-126.
Rebecca Kuperberg, "Intersectional violence against women in politics," Politics & Gender 14, no. 4 (2018): 685-690.
Robert William Connell, Masculinities. Routledge, 2020.
Rok Smrdelj, "Konstrukcija begunske krize v Sloveniji z vidika hibridnega medijskega sistema: doktorska disertacija." PhD diss., R. Smrdelj, 2022.
Ruth Lewis, Michael Rowe, and Clare Wiper. "Online abuse of feminists as an emerging form of violence against women and girls." British journal of criminology 57, no. 6 (2017): 1462-1481.
Ruth Wodak, "Dilemmas of discourse (analysis)," (2006): 595-611. Teun van Dijk, "Discourse studies: a multidisciplinary introduction," Sage Publications, 2011.
Safe.si, "Spletno nasilje," https://safe.si/nasveti/spletno-in-mobilno-trpincenje/spletno-nasilje, dostopno 15. 7. 2024
Slavoj Žižek, "Nasilje, " Društvo za teoretsko psihoanalizo, Ljubljana, 2007.
Stuart Henry, "What is school violence? An integrated definition," The annals of the American academy of political and social science 567, no. 1 (2000): 16-29. Iadicola, Peter, in Anson Shupe, "Violence, inequality, and human freedom, " Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012.
Todd Herrenkohl, ed, "Violence in context: Current evidence on risk, protection, and prevention," (2011).
World report on violence and health: Summary. World Health Organization (2014).
Objavljeno
Številka
Rubrika
Licenca
Avtorske pravice (c) 2024 Jure Skubic, Milica Antić Gaber
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji prispevkov, objavljenih v tej reviji, soglašajo z naslednjimi pogoji glede avtorskih pravic:
- Avtorji ohranijo avtorske pravice, reviji pa odobrijo pravico do prve objave. Delo se hkrati zaščiti z licenco za prosto uporabo avtorskih del (Creative Commons Attribution License), ki drugim osebam omogoča deljenje dela ob priznanju avtorstva in prve objave v tej reviji.
- Avtorji lahko sklenejo ločene dodatne pogodbene dogovore za neizključno distribucijo različice dela, objavljene v reviji, (npr. oddaja v institucionalni repozitorij ali objava v knjigi) z navedbo, da je bilo delo prvič objavljeno v tej reviji.
- Pred postopkom pošiljanja in med njim lahko avtorji delo objavijo v spletu (npr. v institucionalnih repozitorijih ali na svoji spletnih strani), k čemer jih tudi spodbujamo, saj lahko to prispeva k plodnim izmenjavam ter hitrejšemu in obsežnejšemu navajanju objavljenega dela (glej The Effect of Open Access).
